Also, an Automotive-VS-Motorcycle oil comparison.
UPDATE: Sept 23, 2000: Well, forlks, the BIKE IS ALIVE!!!!!!!!!! This is a LONG update about what I had to do to get to this point. Check it out!
UPDATE: Sept 17, 2000: Day 4 and 5. Even more cleaning up and using the "Kreem" on the rusted out gas tank.
UPDATE: Sept 14, 2000: Day 3. More cleanup of the bike. Oil change and gas tank work. Also, some problems are found. Click to read.
UPDATE: Sept 13, 2000: Day 2. I started work on the recovery process of the bike. There are lots of pictures and the gas tank is a REAL mess. Click to read more and see lots of pictures.
UPDATE: Sept 12, 2000: With the wonderful help of Eric (and some from Rob) we were able to move the bike from its resting place in Glendale to Eric's house here in LA. It wasn't easy. Click to read the whole story.

Well, on Sept 9, 2000, I bought my first motorcycle. It's a 1985 Honda Nighthawk 700SC. I paid a great
price of $200 for it. Unfortunately, the bike has been neglected for over 6 years (read: never ridden or
even turned on) so it's gonna need some work before I can even turn it on. You can only imagine, it was really
ditry and dusty too. At least it was covered for that time though it does look like it's seen its
share of outside parking too.
For the price, I figured it would be worth the experience to repair it anyway. The worst part of the neglect is simply
there is come corrosion in the gas tank. That's my first step of repair. The carbs might need some attention
too, but it should at least run one the gas tank is fixed.
Thanks to expert guidance by Rick Ramirez, I shold have no problems getting this bike on the road again. And
hey, for the price, it will be worth it! Right now, the bike is still in the garage of it's last owner since
I'm still trying to arrange transportation to a place where I can work on it.
This bike is a total kick-ass bike and many people think it's one fo the best bikes of its type EVER made.
Honda motorcycles are well known for being the most reliable bikes around and this one is at the top
of the list. After reading reviews of this bike, it was generally regarded as an amazing all around performer.
Reliable, fast, great handling, comfortable, smooth and cheap.
Some features include:
Shaft drive
UPDATE: Sept 12, 2000: With the wonderful help of Eric (and some from Rob) we were able to move the bike from its
resting place in Glendale to Eric's house here in LA. It wasn't easy.
Here's the story....: We got to Glendale. The tires were pretty much flat. Interestingly, on a motorcycle
the tires don't really look flat like on a car even though they had ZERO psi in 'em. I bought a $20 electric
air pump at the store and it did it's thing on both tires.
Next, we had to get it out of the garage. It has a steep driveway (you can see it behind me in the picture
at the top of this page.) Anyway
the van we were using wouldn't fit in there. We brought rope thinking we would tow the bike out....
Well, once the tires were back to normal air pressure, it wasn't so hard to push it around anymore so we decided to
try something crazy. Eric would push the bike up the driveway while I rode it!
Well, it worked!! It got a little dicey as momentum went away, and I put my feet down and pushed too. But we did
it! Woohoo.
Well, mixing that stuff together -- Eric, myself and Robert (who had just arrived to help) got
the darned thing in. "1-2-3 PUSH!" That kind of thing... Of course, on the last push, I did a "1-2-3 push" and
said it in about 2 milliseconds.... Hahaha. As we pushed, I operated the front brake, keeping the bike from rolling back. I have
to give props to the "Jack Mamos Plumbing" van. I can't tell you how many times the van has come to the rescue. Moving engines,
moving furniture, and now .... moving motorcycles!
After it was over, we took a braek. Here's a picture:
Next, after getting the bike on the center stand, we tied it up to the sides of the van.
When we got back to Eric's house, unloading was EASY. We just backed the van into the driveway and
all we had to use to get the bike out was a single car ramp. It was so easy (using the front brake to modulate the
speed.)
And OH YEAH. Getting the bike onto the center stand on my own was a FEAT. At first, we were trying by standing
next to the bike. This is IMPOSSIBLE unless you have two people. After looking at the thing, I figured it out.
I would have to be on the bike and use me weight on the center stand to leverage the bike onto it. Standing with one
foot on the center stand and the other on the right peg, began my attempts. Eric was standing by in case things
got out of hand, but I did it on my own. After about 10 tries and a LOT of SWEAT, I got it over. I think I did it in
two parts. The first got it almost over, and I used the brakes to hold the bike in that position. Then another heave
and it went all the way over. Man, that was HARD. I'm only 150lbs and it wasn't easy. I'm sure I'll get better
at it, but I was proud for having no one show or tell me how to do it........
Day 2 -- Sept. 13, 2000:
After work, I stopped by Eric's house to get this bike closer to being a nice livable cycle. Step one was to
begin dealing with the gas tank.
I stopped at the Honda dealer today and picked up some Kleen and a clear fuel filter. Coming from a car
background, I don't understand why motorcycles don't use fuel filters all the time.... Strange. So,
I'm gonna run one.
After giving up on the gas tank until the weekend, I turned my attention to cleaning the bike. Check
out how dirty the bike was after I removed the fairings:
Now, when I took the fairings off, I found the bike had an alarm. The installation was the most horrible
thing I have ever seen. Wires we just laying around, taped here and there, running all over the place. I
had great satisfaction removing the thing and stomping on it! Yep, I stomped on it. One wire is still on the bike.
It goes to the gauge cluster and I'm going to leave it until I can turn the bike on and make sure it's not
needed (to start the bike or something.)
Day 3: Sept 14, 2000:
Problems in paradise. Haha. Well, not horrible. Today, I worked on the bike
some more.... and found some problems.
First thing I did was change the oil. 6 or more year old oil was in there. YUUUUK. It came out not looking
too horrible. Black, but what else could be expected. Put in some new castrol 20W-50 oil and a new Honda filter.
So easy compared with a car!
Oh well. The front brake seems to be fine and seems firm when you press it, but it may need fixing too.
Since I was taking the handlebars apart, I just took the clutch lever off too.
Day 4 and 5: Sept 17, 2000:
Welcome to day 4 and 5 of me working on my CB700SC. I took a break from the bike on Friday and did
other more relaxing things. But Saturday morning, I was right back at it.
My goal this weekend was to do everything. To get the bike running. The gas tank needed to be Kreem'ed and
to do that right, you need at least a day and a half. I didn't want to risk anything, so I took it nice and
slow.
On saturday morning, I headed out to get some parts. Rick hooked me up with a salvage shop over in North Hollywood
(called Johnson Wood) and those guys were great. They had all sorts of great stuff. I picked up a new set
of handlebars, a used seat (that was in perfect condition) and some new front brake pads. The guys there
are really cool and if you live in LA and need moto parts, I would totally go see them. Email me if you need
more info. They are on Lankershim in North Hollywood.
Anyway, after that I stopped by North Hollywood Honda to pick up a new battery for the bike. They charged it for
me for free so I detoured to Target to do some shopping. (Since there are NO friggin Targets anywhere near me, I
figured that since I was in the area...)
Anyway, once I got home I found the new handlebars didn't fit on my bike. They looked identical except
they were too tall!! They defenitly came off a nighthawk of some kind since they looked exactly the same and
even had a sticker about front shock airpressure that my bike has on the gas tank.... Anyway, there were too tall
and none of the hoses/cables/wires reached when I mouted it with my controls. So, I had to figrue something out.
Eric's dad's van has a big vice mouted on the outside of it. It decided I was going to have to bend the handlebars
that came with my bike into something a little more managable...... I mouted it and started wailing on them.
Believe it or not, I did a pretty good job. When looking at the bars mounted on the bike, the left one is just a little
too low. Other than that, they are great. I still want to replace them, though, since I don't like having
bent metal on the bike... They are pretty damn important!!
One cool thing about the Nighthawk is the bars are totally adjustable. You can actually move the back and forth
to give them more ..... what's the word ..... rake? In other words, you can make the angle between
the two ends greater or less. Nice thinking Honda. Helped me make them even again!
After that, I put the new battery in and hooked up the cables. I did a quick check of the bike's electrical
systems and everything looks good. Turn signals worked ... gear shift indicator worked ... tail light works ...
indicator lights ... Anyway, the only thing not working was the horn. I'll have to check that out. I'm sure it's
something simple.
Also, I hit the start button and the engine turned over, sounding totally fine. Woohoo! Now it just needs some gas.
So, I started working on the gas tank. I began by prepping the tank by washing it out with soapy water and throwing in some nuts and bolts
for "fun" to help chip away any bike chunks of rust. Once I was done with that, I set the tank aside
to dry. Eric and I went over to Home Depot to find some items to stop up the holes on the tank. What I
ended up buying and using was a big rubber stopped for the top filler hole and a cork stopper for the fuel
level hole. The small petcock hols was filled using a little rubber cap that I pushed into the hold using a screw
driver. (But not enough so I could pull it back out!)
In went the step-A of the Kreem which dissolved and etches the rust and metal. It really works. Take one rusty
tank, add this stuff and out comes a nice dull metal finish inside. My tank is big so it was only covering about
half the tank. So I let that sit for about 12 hours and then Eric flipped it over before he went to bed.
Sorry, no pictures of all of this.
On Sunday, I went to Eric's house and checked on the tank. It looked pretty good. Unfortunately, some of the Prep-A
has gotton on the already fading top of the tank and made it a little worse. Not to mention some new minor scratches on the
top from us handling it. Oh well.... It's not that bad.
I emptied out the tank of Prep-A, washed it out with water, added Prep-B in there, drained it, then put in
the Kreem coating. Please not, getting liquid out of the tank is VERY hard since the top opening has a big
ridge inside. Each time, I used an electric pump. Yeah yeah .. I know you should use an electric pump
with flammable stuff like this, but OH well. Unfortunately, the Prep-B seemed to kill the pump... it didn't turn any
more. Luckily, I was done.
While the tank was doing it's thing, I just fiddled with the bike, cleaning it and putting some of the parts
back on it. Basically getting it ready to ride once the tank goes back on and gas goes in. Hopefully,
the machanical condition of the carbs and engine are good so I won't have any problems.
the BIG DAY: Sept 23, 2000:
This is my story. (Oh, that sounds so dramatic!!!)
Ok, I haven't made an update since last weekend, but believe me, I've been working on the bike this past week. I
just haven't had enough energy at night to make updates. It's either update the page or watch Big Brother on TiVo. Big brother won!!
But in all that confusion, I did update my friends on the Honda Nighthawk list about what was happening, so
I'll just post my messages here. I think they describe things pretty well. Note that I ask for help
from the members of the list several times and the people there were so helpful and sent me plenty of great
suggestions, tips and stories. Thanks everyone!!
Message One: Next messgae: Another message:
Wow, I wrote a lot of stuff here!!
Here's the next message: Well, with LOTS of help from people on the Nighthawk Mailing list, Rick Ramirez and Eric Mamos,
I got this thing running. Along the way, I took a few pictures (but my hands were too dirty most
of the time to take pictures, hence the low number....)
To fix the damn broken stud, Eric and I dropped the exhaust system. It was so easy.
Of course, it was missing the copper gasket under the number 2 primary. ARGH! And someone had drilled it out before
and broke the bit off inside. No wonder we couldn't drill it. Eric used vice-grips the next day to remove it for me.
I was SOOOO happy he did that for me.
Next, my focus went to the crapped out carbs. They leaked gas EVERYWHERE. Getting them out
was HARD as hell. We ended up unbolting the #1 and #4 intake manifolds from the engine so we
would only have to break the carbs off of #2 and #3. That helped BIG TIME. Also, there is a bar above
the engine where the throttle cables go under. Taking that off helps BIG TIME once you get
the carbs off the engine as you can move the carbs out from the engine with the throttle and choke
connected. I didn't learn this until I put it back on. This picture points it out.
(This work I'm doing it all today, by the way. The 23rd. We took the carbs out on Wed but I took a break
from the bike on Thurs and Friday. I was too tired.)
Ok, so I cleaned out he floats and removed the old gaskets. Some (or all) of the floats were stuck
to the bowls... I unstuck them earlier in the week. I used compressed air to blow out the jets and other
holes in the carb. I checked the slides for smooth operation and all but one were good. I took that one out and
cleaned it up and now it's working great. I put it back together with the new bowl gaskets and put gas
to the thing to see what would happen. Oh yeah, I changed the fuel line too. The old one was way too old and
hard.
Well, guess what, gas was still leaking. "From where," you ask? Mainly from the TEE where the gas line
connects. ARGH. So, I was going to have to take the carbs apart. Good thing I had all these O-Rings!!
Loosening the choke rod on each carb, I was able to bend each one apart to pull the interconnects out. And let me
tell you -- the O-Rings were SHOT. They were so hard and many were compeltely cracked and broken. (Esp. the
one on the feed line TEE.) So I changed 'em all.
One gas line tee. 2 rings.
Missing accomplished. Next, I did something dumb, but I was confident. I put the carbs back in without doing a
bench test. Why? I was sure it was going to work. Luckily, I was right. When I put gas to 'em, they were PERFECT. No
gas leaks or anything. WOOHOO.
Oh yeah,I replaced all 8 O-Rings that go between the engine and carbs too. The old ones needed replacing and I didn't
want to risk any leaks there either.
Alright, the bike was back together. Eric and I tried like hell to get the airbox back onto the carbs, but
we just couldn't do it. Cyl 1, 2 and 4 are on, but #3 just don't quite reach. Right now, it's half way on the carbs
but I'm not sure what to do. I don't really care in the short term, I think they getting a pretty good seal as it sits.
Ok, I mouted the gas tank, applied some vacumn to the petcock to prime the engine (which worked -- YAY!) set the
choke and let her rip. I had the bike connected to a car battery as to not drain my new battery.
Well, after a few tries, it started to run. It was REALLY rough and shaky, but it was running. After a few seconds
I could let go of the throttle and it would idle on its own. (High idle with choke set.) It ran very funky for
a while, sputtering and coughing. But nothing major. As it warmed, I lowered the choke until it was closed all the
way. With this setting the engine would stall unless I held the gas a bit, but it was slowly getting better.
After like 10 minutes, it was idling somewhat normally. It was unstable and yelling at me that it was going
to stall, but I just gassed it now and then to "help it out." Eventually, it was really calming down. So, I decided to ride it.
AHH yeah, this brings us to my next problem. The clutch. The clutch discs on the bike are stuck together. After
running the engine for a while, they were a little less stuck, but they were still dragging with the clutch
handle pulled. So, I ran the engine some more. Eventually, I just decided to take it out for a spin anyway.
I started it up in 1st gear and the bike pulled forward just slightly. I could hold it back with my own feet, so it
wasn't that forceful. The clutch point it about half way out so I KNOW the master cylinder on the clutch is good and it's the discs that are stuck together. (As Rick and people on the list had thought.)
Anyway, the FIRST FIRST ride on the bike was without helmet and was simply out of the driveway and back in. No pictures of that.
But the bike was really behaving nicely, so I decided to grab my helmet and make a real run.
While I was going up his street, the bike began to stall if I put in the clutch. LAME. I had to gas it
to keep the engine running. I limped her home and let her sit. I have less than a gallon of gas in the tank, so maybe it's
low?? I know the petcock is still messed up too. I don't think reserve setting even works.... ANYWAY, I decided to just raise
the idle and try again.
So, I turned the idle stop started her up. Now it was idling again on its own. I also noticed, while the bike was parked,
the throttle could only move through about 20% of normal travel. WTF!? Well, I had put a different clamp
on the #1 cylinder as we lost the nut for the stock one. It had a longer screw and it was hitting the linkage,
keeping it from opening. OOPS! So I fixed that too..... So, I took her out again. Each time I rode, the bike was running better and better.
This time, I was motoring around the block, actually got it into 2nd gear and back to 1st!! But when I came to a stop
in neutral, I tried to shift into 1st and it ground lightly. So, I killed the engine and started in 1st again. The
clutch was almost back to normal, though.
Anyway, I made one pass up Eric's street and decided to really gas it. All I can say is: OH MY GAWD. I only hit maybe 6500
rpm at MOST, and the thing was simply SCREAMING. I was no where near floored either. AMAZING. To think people say it has
WEAK power under 7000rpm too. HA! When I made this run, the bike was feeling GREAT. The engine was much smoother
and running GREAT. The idle was now OVER 2000rpm. I guess whatever was causing it to stall before
was gone from the system and my "fake-fix" was making it idle high.
Anyway, I did some more pases and them something was amiss. Power was going away BIG TIME. At the worst, I could barely accelerate. The engine would just bog and sputter.
So, I limped home. (About a block.) The idle was also low, about 900rpm. What the heck!? This was different than the stalling
before too... the engine power was different this time.
But get this, by the time I got home, it was fine again. Idle was back to 2000rpm and the engine was smooth again. Probably more
smooth than it had ever been... So, I lowered the idle back to 1000rpm and it was smooth. Initially at 1000rpm, the idle
was very lopey and rough, but now it was nice and smooth. Really sounded like all 4 cylinder were working properly. I guess something
has just been in the jets or something and just cleaned itself out. Cool!! The whole time this was happening,
I kept checking the fuel filer for gas flow and it looked fine all the time. It was also nice and clean. I guess
the KREEM was working. YEAAAAH.
So that's it. I parked it back in Eric's garage and called it a night. Mission complete. Before leaving it,
I fired it back up just to hear it. It started right up in an instant and purred. I revved it up a few times just
to enjoy the nice sound. So fast and nice. That's it. No GAS leaks. No odd smells. Seems to run smooth.... I'm a very happy man.
Tomorrow, I'm going to change the plugs and clean it up some more. Lots of WD-40 residue is on the engine along with some
mud from Eric's street. And I'll see how it runs in the morning after a cold night. Teehee.
I want to thank EVERYONE who has helped me with this... and of course, this is just the beginning. I'm far
from done. I'm just happy the major step has been taken and the bike is working.
Over and out -- Adrian.
Misc Updates: Nov 6, 2000:
My bike has been running great. I've been riding it all over the place and enjoying myself a lot. I still
need to tune it up a bit, but it has been great. And, just like a Honda, is starts up instantly on the first press
of the start button.
I have a few new pictures... some pretty cool.
First, I had recieved a sticker (diamond shaped) from the school where I learned how to ride. It's a "Retro-reflective" sticker
made by 3M is the same kind of stuff firemen wear on their jackets and highway signs are made of. I stuck it on the
back of the helmet and also cut small strips off of the sticker and placed them on the sides and front of the thing.
After searching the web, I found a place with a very cool reflector. It's an elastic strip that you can put around the
base of the helmet and is ultra reflective.
Ah yes, some nice people on the Honda Nighthawk list sent me to a site featuring an Automtive vs Motocycle Oil test. Since I didn't believe
all the BS about Motorcycle oils being so much better than car oils, this was an interesting read. I've mirrored
the page here. Check it out...
It's a bit dated, but seems relavant none the less. Just for the record, I'm not using Mobil-1 15W-50 oil in my Nighthawk!
Update: Mar 29, 2001
First update in a while! The bike's been great! Put a bunch of miles on it.
I was having a problem where it would run out of gas when there was still plety of gas left!! And setting
it to reserve would do nothing. Well, the problem was a bunch of things...
The fuel petcock was shot.... no fixing it. I had to buy a new body. Pricey... I think $100 or so from the stealer.
Then, I replaced all the o-rings... petcock-to-tank, petcock fuel strainer and fuel gauge. (After taking
the petcock off and on a few times, it started leaking!! ARGH!)
The new petcock body was just that, the body. I moved over the knob, strainer and auto-fuel-shutoff diaphram. Oh,
the diaphram was messed up and stuck together too ... so it would never shut off the fuel. But after
consulting the maunal, I found out how it should look and mount and I just pulled it apart.... and
it works fine. Seals well and shuts off automatically. (Tested it.)
So THE MAIN problem was the fuel strainer INSIDE the gas tank. Since I did all my initial work
(and KREEMing the tank) before I had the manual, I had no idea there was a strainer in there!!!
After racking my brain as to why my new petcock body was still messed up and not letting me use
reserve, I consulted the manual and noticed the damn filter.
I went to the stealer and bought all the bits I needed and waiting for the weekend. When the weekend came
around, I grabbed the lip of the strainer that was exposed and pulled. It took a lot of work, but it came
out and MAN!!!!! It was completely covered in Kreem. I HAVE NO IDEA how the bike was working at all!!!!!
I cleaned out all the crud and installed the new strainer and o-ring and put it all back together. Then
I added like .2 gallons of gas and started her up. Running on "reserve" it was working! WOOHOO!
So I went to the gas station (two blocks away) and filled her up with nice Mobil 92. It's been
about 35 miles now and everythings GREAT. No leaks. Auto shutoff works. Good gas flow.
Oh, my gas gauge was horribly innacurate too ... would read empty after only like 1 gallon of gas used!! So I spent
a little time bending it trying to make it better. Of course, it kept flasking off a little ruse each time I
reinstalled it so I decided to take it to the griding thingy in Eric's garage and use the bristled
part ... wow, cleaned it right up.
Anyway, after 35 miles, it still reads totally full. I knew it would read full for a while... but what I'm really looking
for is for it to start heading to empty as it actually gets near there...... Of course I use milage too,
but it's just nice to have it there too ... You know, on a long trip, my milage might be much better
than city driving so it would be nice to know.... Once I get the hang of the new gauge profile, I'll be able
to corralatei to gallons left, etc etc.
I'm just so damn happy the tank is all fixed up. Several months later, the Kreem is holding up great. I
think I did a good job on it. All the gas I took out of the tank while working on it was totally clean
and nice. [[I hope it was!! We poured it all back into Eric's Mitsubishi Eclipse!!! Hehe]]
In other areas of the bike, I've lined up some used rotors from a guy on the net. $35 for both. Not bad! One
on mine is badly warped. I'll get them on the bike soon and I hope it will cure my problem.
Also, the fork seals are dead. I have new parts already and just need to put them on. Rick from work
will help me.
And lastly, handlebars. New ones are almost $200 !! HAHAHA! No one on the net had any laying around
so I ordered some from Denniskirk.com. $35. I measured and bought some that were close to mine in all dimensions
except these are a little less tall. Hope it will workout and they will be comfertable. We'll see!!
The bike is really coming together. I think once I get it mechanically all worked out, I need to repaint some it it.
Far away looks ok, but close up it's a bit ratty still. But she drives good and that's what matters, huh?
Ok, here is some other info:
Kelly from the Nighthawk mailing list gave me sone numbers on the nighthawk that were published back
in 1985:
Here is a picture of a perfect condition Nighthawk 700S just like mine:
They are courtesey of Shawns Nighthawk Page. His bike is exactly (Same year, same model, same color) the same as the one
I bought, except mine doesn't look quite so good.... BUT, I only paid $200!
Also, Different Angle 1
4 cylinder 695cc DOHC engine
Air cooled with oil cooler
Fuel gauge, digital gear indicator
6 speed tranny
80hp @ 10,000rpm
Dual front disc brakes
16" wheels
624lbs including me! (Only 7.8lbs per hp)
12.3sec 1/4mile in peak condition
Right side after it emerged.
Me on the bike.
Tied up 2
Van in the driveway
Gas Tank Petcock
Dirty Engine
More Dirt
Even more
More washing
Cleaned parts
Clean bike! Yay!
Rusted fuel sender 2
Diagnostics?? Hehe
White coating inside
Rear view mirror mouted
Windshield cleaned and mouted
Peg support
Cleaning the engine
Rear adjustment
Coil packs
Well, folks. I got the bike running today and I actually rode it. I rode my own motorcycle for the first time!!
You can't understand how happy I am. I have a real sense of accomplishment right now. I bought a $200 bike and
now it's working!! But, the work isn't over, but I'm almost there.
Date: Tue, 19 Sep 2000 09:27:31 -0700 (PDT)
From: Adrian Black
Date: Wed, 20 Sep 2000 09:43:35 -0700 (PDT)
From: Adrian Black
Date: Wed, 20 Sep 2000 17:21:36 -0700 (PDT)
From: Adrian Black
Date: Thu, 21 Sep 2000 10:35:50 -0700 (PDT)
From: Adrian Black
Old stud -- what a mess
New Stud
Two gas line interconnects. 2 rings each.
Two breather/overflow tees. 2 rings each.
Putting on the helmet
About to ride for the first time
Riding by Eric's car
Riding the bike
Different angleRev limiter kicks in somewhere between 11,700 and 12k. I've hit mine on 3
occasions. Twice in 2nd and once in 3rd. According to Cycle Mag the S did
the following in a 1985 test.
Standing 1/4 mile: 12.35 seconds @ 107.46 mph
@ Reline in 1st: 49 mph
@ Reline in 2nd: 71 mph
@ Reline in 3rd: 89 mph
@ Reline in 4th: 106 mph
@ Reline in 5th: 127 mph
@ Reline in 6th: 147 mph
Cool information.... I wonder if it could really attain 147mph...... Hmmmm. I'm not trying! I can tell you that.
Different Angle 2
Click here to see a spec sheet (Page 2)
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